Command-V: Start up in verbose mode. Disabled when using a firmware password.

T: Start up in target disk mode. Disabled when using a firmware password.

Disabled in macOS Mojave or later, or when using a firmware password.

Command-S: Start up in single-user mode.

To use the default boot image on the server, press and hold Option-N instead. Disabled when using a firmware password.

N: Start up from a NetBoot server, if your Mac supports network startup volumes.

Or use Option-D to start up to this utility over the internet. Disabled when using a firmware password.

D: Start up with the Apple Diagnostics utility.

If your Mac is using a firmware password, it ignores this key combination or starts up from macOS Recovery.

Option-Command-P-R: Reset NVRAM or PRAM.

If your Mac is using a firmware password, you'll be prompted to enter the password.

Option (⌥) or Alt: Start up to Startup Manager, which allows you to choose other available startup disks or volumes.

macOS Recovery installs different versions of macOS, depending on the key combination you use. If your Mac is using a firmware password, you'll be prompted to enter the password. Or use Option-Command-R or Shift-Option-Command-R to start up from macOS Recovery over the internet. Command (⌘)-R: Start up from the built-in macOS Recovery system.Keep holding until the described behaviour occurs. To use any of these key combinations, press and hold the keys immediately after pressing the power button to turn on your Mac, or after your Mac begins to restart.

Mac restart hotkey